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For example, if you wanted to refer to the file myFile.text in the current directory, you d use the string "./myFile.text". The string "/myFile.text" refers to the file named myFile.text at the root level of your hard drive.

The string "myFile.text" also refers to the file myFile.text in the current directory. I prefer to use "./myFile.text", as I think the intent of referring to the file myFile.text in the current directory is much clearer.

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Two dots in a row refer to the parent directory of the current directory. An example will help clarify this point. Suppose you had a program named /Users/davemark/test/myProgram. If myProgram referred to "./myFile.text", it would actually be referring to the file /Users/ davemark/test/myFile.text. If, instead, it referred to "../myFile.text", it would be referring to /Users/davemark/myFile.text. If this is confusing, take another read through this. The string "~/myFile.text" refers to the file named myFile.text in your home directory. On my Mac, this would be /Users/davemark/myFile.text. As you make your way through the programs in this chapter, play with the file names until you understand these concepts.

This chapter is the heart of this book and presents all the major microarchitecture techniques for designing contemporary superscalar processors for achieving high performance It classifies and presents specific techniques for enhancing instruction flow, register data flow, and memory data flow This chapter attempts to organize a plethora of techniques into a systematic framework that facilitates ease of comprehension

Since passing parameters by value is a one-way operation, there s no way to get data back from the called function. Why would you ever want to Several reasons. You might write a function that takes an employee number as a parameter. You might want that function to return the employee s salary in another parameter. How about a function that turns yards into meters You could pass the number of yards as a value parameter, but how would you get back the number of meters Passing a parameter by address (instead of by value) solves this problem. If you pass the address of a variable, the receiving function can use the * operator to change the value of the original variable. Here s an example:

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#include <stdio.h> void SquareIt( int number, int *squarePtr );

int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) { int square; SquareIt( 5, &square ); printf( "5 squared is %d.\n", square ); return 0; } void } SquareIt( int number, int *squarePtr = number * number; *squarePtr ) {

In this example, main() calls the function SquareIt(). SquareIt() takes two parameters. As in our previous example, both parameters are declared between the parentheses on the function s title line. Notice that we used a comma to separate the parameter declarations. The first of SquareIt() s two parameters is an int. The second parameter is a pointer to an int. SquareIt() squares the value passed in the first parameter, using the pointer in the second parameter to return the squared value.

Lab Exercise 301: Exploring the Functions and Components of a PC Lab Exercise 302: Examining User-Accessible Components Lab Exercise 303: Recognizing External Connections Lab Exercise 304: Safeguarding Against Damage from Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Lab Exercise 305: Disassembling the System Unit and Identifying Internal Components and Connections Lab Analysis Test Key Term Quiz

This chapter presents a detailed analysis of the PowerPC 620 microarchitecture and uses it as a case study to examine many of the issues and design tradeoffs introduced in the previous chapters This chapter contains extensive performance data of an aggressive out-of-order design

In case it s been ten or more years since your last math class, squaring a number is the same as multiplying the number by itself. The square of 4 is 16, and the square of 5 is 25.

Here s main() s call of SquareIt():

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SquareIt( 5, &square );

Here s the function prototype of SquareIt():

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This is a case study chapter on probably the most commercially successful contemporary superscalar microarchitecture It is written by the Intel P6 design team led by Bob Colwell and presents in depth the P6 microarchitecture that facilitated the implementation of the Pentium Pro, Pentium n, and Pentium in microprocessors This chapter offers the readers an opportunity to peek into the mindset of a top-notch design team

void SquareIt( int number, int *squarePtr );